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Part 1 - Module 1:
Students taking this course are assumed to already have some general knowledge of diagnostic ultrasound,
including a basic understanding of ultrasound physics. Therefore, we begin the course by augmenting your
understanding of a few ultrasound physical principles as they pertain to MSK ultrasound. To that end,
we review several ultrasound artifacts and discuss a few new technologies that are improving our ability
to image the MSK system.
Before we learn how to image the hand, wrist and elbow, we must learn WHY, so next the most common
indications for MSK ultrasound are discussed.
Next is a thorough discussion of normal anatomy beginning with a few basic anatomic definitions and conventions.
This is followed with a review of the specific anatomic components of the joints discussed, including the bones,
ligaments, tendons, and muscles.
One must understand how to position the patient in order to optimize the ultrasound images, so there is a
discussion of both the patient and transducer position utilized to obtain the routine anatomical images
required for accurate diagnosis.
Next, we review high resolution ultrasound images of the most commonly identified normal anatomical
structures and landmarks, concentrating on scanning techniques and commonly used protocols for each
type of examination. Where appropriate, we offer scanning tips and try to point out some common pitfalls
and artifacts that may crop up.
Finally, following a discussion of normal ultrasound appearances, there is a thorough review of the most common
pathologies involving the hand, wrist and elbow. Once again, ultrasound images demonstrating the various
pathologies are presented.
Part 1 - Module 2:
Module 2 is on ultrasound imaging of the shoulder. We begin with a review of the anatomy of the shoulder
with emphasis on the rotator cuff.
This is followed by patient positioning and scanning technique, again with particular attention to the rotator cuff.
There are numerous anatomical drawings and diagrams to assist us.
Next, we review the ultrasound appearance of normal structures including the muscles, tendons and ligaments
that make up the rotator cuff and shoulder girdle in general.
After examining some normal ultrasound scans of the shoulder, we finish this module by reviewing a number of
shoulder pathologies, concentrating on the classification of rotator cuff tears.
Musculoskeletal Ultrasound of the Hip and Lower Limb (Part 2)
Part 2 - Module 1:
Module 1 of Part 2 of this course deals with high resolution ultrasound of the foot and ankle. As with Part 1,
we begin with a relatively detailed review of the appropriate anatomy including bony structures, muscles, ligaments,
tendons and bursae.
Next we review the current indications for ultrasound of the foot and ankle, which is followed with a review of
the instrumentation and recommended technique for obtaining the required images.
We then examine some normal and abnormal ultrasound images.
Compared to Part 1 of the course which included evaluation of the shoulder, this is a relatively new area
of investigation with limited application. We may be familiar with the value of ultrasound to evaluate the
Achilles tendon, but this is only one of many requests becoming more common in the ultrasound lab.
Part 2 - Module 2:
The second module of Part 2 covers ultrasound of the knee, adult and infant hip, concentrating on the more
common investigation of the knee. Similar to the module 1, we begin by reviewing the normal anatomy of these
joints, concentrating on the normal muscle, tendon and ligament appearances. Anatomic images will be
correlated with normal sonographic anatomy.
Next, we discuss the indications for ultrasound of the knee and adult hip, then review some pertinent scanning
techniques and patient positions, concentrating on probe placement. Normal ultrasound appearances are described
in conjunction with each patient position.
Next, we review the most common abnormal findings affecting the knee and adult hip.
Finally, we review the current state of infant hip ultrasound and discuss a few miscellaneous topics.
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